Let's consider major of them.
The essence of state anticyclic politics, or regulation of an economic conjuncture, is, that during crises and depressions should stimulate demand for the goods and services, capital investments and employment. For this purpose the additional financial privileges are given to the private capital, the state charges and investments are increased. In conditions of long and rough rise in a national economy there can be dangerous phenomena – using of commodity stocks, growth of import and deterioration of payment balance, excess of demand on a labour above the offer and from here unreasonable growth of wages and prices. In such situation, the task of state regulation of economy - to brake growth of demand, capital investments and manufacture whenever possible to reduce overproduction of the goods and less products of the capitals and, thus, to reduce depth and duration of possible recession of manufacture, investments and employment in the future.
The state regulation of economy in the field of branch and territorial structure also is carried out through financial stimulus and state capital investments, which provide privileged conditions to separate branches and regions. In one cases the support appears to branches and territorial units which are taking place in a condition of long crisis; in others - the development of new branches and kinds of manufactures - carriers of scientific and technical progress called to result to progressive structural changes inside branches, between branches and in all a national economy as a whole. The increase of its efficiency and competitiveness is encouraged. At the same time can be the stopping of excessive concentration of manufacture arranged on.
Major object of state economy regulation is the accumulation of the capital. Manufacture, assignment and capitalisation of the profit always serve an overall objective of economic activity in market economy, therefore state economic politics of encouragement of accumulation first of all corresponds to economic interests to the subjects of an economy. Simultaneously state regulation of accumulation is also used to serve also to other objects of state economy regulation. Creating additional stimulus and opportunities in different time to all investors or their separate groups on branches and territories the regulating bodies influence a business cycle and structure.
The regulation of employment is maintenance normal from the point of view of market economy of parity between a supply and demand of a labour. Parity should satisfy requirement of economy for the qualified and disciplined workers, which wages serve for them a sufficient motivation to work. However parity between a supply and demand should not conduct to excessive growth of wages, which can be reflected negative in national competitiveness. The sharp decrease of employment is undesirable also, it conducts to increase the army of the unemployed, decrease of consumer demanded, tax receipts, growth of the charges on the grants and, most important, it is dangerous by social consequences.
Constant object of attention of state regulating bodies is money manipulation. The basic orientation of regulation of money manipulation - struggle with inflation representing serious danger to economy. The regulation of money manipulation influences and other objects - condition of accumulation, price, social relations.
The condition of payment balance is an objective parameter of economic health of the country. In all countries with a market economy the state constantly carries out operative and strategic regulation of payment balance by influence on export and import, movement of the capital, increase and downturn of rates of national currencies, marketcontractual politics and participation in the international economic integration.
One more of the main objects of regulation - price. Changes and structure of the prices reflect a condition of economy. At the same time prices strongly influence structure of economy, condition of capital investments, stability of national currency, social atmosphere.
The state regulating instances aspire to influence and other objects of state regulation of economy, for example, to interest private concerns in development of scientific researches and introduction of their results, in export of goods, capitals, both saved knowledge and experience are studied and the laws on observance of rules of a competition, social protection, protection of an environment are improved.
The objects of state economy regulation of differ depending on a level of tasks, solved by them. It is the following hierarchical levels: a level of firm; region; branches; sectors of economy (industry, agriculture, service); economy as a whole (economic cycle; the money manipulation; the prices); global (social relations, ecology); economic-political relations with foreign countries, integration processes).
The general purpose of state regulation of economy is the economic and social stability and strengthening existing building inside the country and abroad, adaptation to its varied conditions.
From this general purpose the tree so-called of the concrete purposes is distributed, without which realisation the general purpose can not be achieved. These concrete purposes indissoluble are connected with objects of state regulation of economy. The purpose - alignment of a business cycle - is directed on the object, that is on a business cycle; improvement of an environment - on an environment etc.
It is obvious, that the purposes, first, uncommon on importance and scales and, secondly are in close interrelation. More often one purpose can not be put and is achieved without dependence from others. For example, it is impossible to present stimulation НИОКР without creation of favourable conditions of accumulation of the capital, without alignment of a conjuncture, perfection of branch structure of economy, stable money manipulation.
The listed purposes partially block each other, one can appear temporarily more important and to subordinate to herself others depending on a real economic and social situation, level of comprehension of this situation by the subjects of state regulation of economy and from established by governmental bodies on the given interval of time of system of priorities of the purposes. Any of the above named purposes can serve, to promote or to interfere with achievement of other purpose. The concrete purposes inside a tree of the purposes can be primary, secondary, tertiary etc. For example, in conditions of crisis the primary purpose becomes an exit from crisis in narrow concrete sense - revival of a conjuncture. All other purposes submit to it.
The means of state regulation are subdivided on administrative and economic.
The administrative means are not connected with creation of additional material stimulus or danger of financial damage. They are based on force of state authority and include measures of an interdiction, sanction and compulsion.
For example, the French authorities have forbidden to build the new industrial enterprises within the limits of Parisian agglomerations, and for achievement of this purpose they did not increase the taxes by the new enterprises, have not entered rude the penalties, which could be economic measures, and simply have stopped licensing for new industrial construction.
Or, the government of the Netherlands has solved to use former naval base as passenger and trade port, by creating, thus, new sphere of the appendix of the capital. In result in area of port the economic activity has increased.
The administrative means of regulation in the advanced countries with market economy are used in insignificant scales. Their sphere of action basically is limited to protection of an environment and creation of the minimal household conditions rather poorly of socially protected layers of the population. However in critical situations their role strongly grows, for example, during war, emergency in economy. The most large-scale administrative actions on regulation of economy in after War period of Japan were currency reformed and made smaller of conducting concerns.
The economic means of state regulation are subdivided into means of money credit and budget politics.
The independent complex tool of state regulation of economy (and simultaneously by its object) is the public sector in economy. The maximum form of state regulation of economy is a state economic programming covering the numerous purposes and all tooling of state regulation of economy. About public sector and economic programming the speech will go below.
The basic economic means are:
1) Regulation of the registration rate (discount politics which is carried out by the central bank);
2) Establishment and change of the sizes of the minimal reserves, which financial institutions of the country are obliged to keep in the central bank;
3) Operation of official bodies in the market of valuable papers, such as issue of the state obligations, trade by them and repayment.
Through these tools the state aspires to change a parity of a supply and demand in the financial market (market of the loan capitals) in a desirable direction. In process of relative decrease of a role of the markets of the free capitals in financing capital investments and especially in connection with reduction of a role of a share stock exchange and growth of self-maintenance of the large companies by financial assets the effectiveness of these tools in the most advanced countries has weakened a little.
The direct state economic regulation is carried out by means of budget politics. The state budget is an annual plan of the state charges and sources of the incomes of their financial covering. The project of the budget annually is discussed and is accepted by a legislative body - parliament of the country, state or government by assembly. After the end of financial the year the proxy representatives of the executive authority report about the activity on mobilisation of the incomes and realisation of the charges in conformity with accepted in the previous year by the law on the budget.
The state budget always represents the compromise reflecting a parity of forces of the basic groups of carriers of various social economic interests. The charges of the state budget carry out functions of political, social and economic regulation.
The first place in the budget charges is occupied with social clauses: the special grants, education, public health services etc. In it the overall objective of budget politics, as well as all state economic politics in general - stabilisation, strengthening and adaptation existing social economic building to varying conditions is shown. These charges are called to soften differentiation of social groups, it is inevitable peculiar to market character.
In expenses for economic needs the budget grants to agriculture are usually allocated. Any state can not be interested in ruin the peasantry, farmers. And though in the external economic politics of government sometimes temporarily endow interests of the domestic manufacturers of the agrarian goods, supposing foreign agricultural production on a home market in reply to concession of the trade partners, as a rule governments support average and large farmers land.
The charges on arms and material maintenance of external politics, and also administrative charge influence demand for consumer goods and services.
To the tactical purposes of budget regulation the charges on an internal state duty (for example, prescheduled repayment of a part of the debt), sizes of the charges on the credits both grants to the private and state enterprises, agriculture, on creation and perfection of objects of an infrastructure, on purchase of arms and military construction serve.
The sizes of these charges essentially influence scales of demand and size of the investments. During crises and depressions the charges of the state budget on the economic purposes, as a rule, grow, and in time when of slowing conjuncture - are reduced.
The charges on crediting of export, insurance of the export credits and taken out capital financed from the budget, stimulate export and in the long-term plan improve payment balance, open for a national economy the new foreign markets, promote strengthening of national currency, maintenance of deliveries on a home market of the necessary goods because of a boundary. It is the external economic aspect of politics of the budget charges.
The effectiveness of state regulation of economy with the help of the budget charges depends, first, on the relative sizes of the spent sums; secondly, from structure of these charges; thirdly, from efficiency of use of each unit of spent means.
The main tools of mobilisation of financial assets for a covering of the state charges are the taxes. They also are widely used for influence on activity of the subjects of economy. It is a special role of the taxes. But main role of the taxes - regulating. The state regulation through the taxes depends in a decisive degree on a choice of tax system, and also from kinds and sizes of tax privileges.
The taxes in state regulation of economy play a double role: on the one hand, it is the main source of financing of the state charges, the material basis of budget politics, on the other hand, is the tool of regulation. A task of state budget bodies - not simply to impose with the taxes those or other sources of receipt of means and to create the adjusted mechanism of influence on economic behaviour of the legal and physical persons is thin. For this purpose temporarily or selectively given tax discounts, delay of payment of the taxes are used.
The special place among means of state regulation of economy which is carried out through the taxes, plays accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital and connected with it(him) formation(education) and realisation of the latent reserves carried out within the framework of the sanctions of the ministries of the finance.
Accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital in modern conditions is by the main means of stimulation of accumulation, structural changes in economy and important tool of influence on an economic cycle - the employment. Essence it in a separation of physical process amortisation of machines, equipment, buildings and structures from the production costs of carry of cost of material carriers of a fixed capital on the made goods and services. Changing the rates and order amortisation, the state regulating bodies determine that part of the clean profit, which can be released from the taxes by inclusion in production costs and then is listed in amortisation fund for financing in the further new capital investments.
At check of correctness of payment of the tax from the profit the tax inspectors agree with accounting of production costs or services only if the amortisation deductions were made in conformity with norms solved by the ministry of the finance. The size of the balance profit, rate and size of the tax, and also paid dividends depends on it.
The variation of norms accelerated amortisation of a fixed capital is widely used in all advanced countries as a means of state tactical and structural politics, and also for stimulation of scientific researches and introduction of their results, for financing nature protection of measures. The effect of a variation of norms of amortisation deductions is swept up within a favourable conjuncture, i.e. in the periods of slowing and crises the effectiveness of amortisation politics weakens. The worse conjuncture, the more difficult & is to realise profit, it is less than opportunities for self-financing, and the amortisation privileges given by the state, becomes less attractive stimulus for the private investments. The privileges on accelerated amortisation are equivalent to reduction of receipts from the taxes from profits in the state budget. Result can be increase of other taxes or growth state duty.
The state capital investments are carried out substantially in public sector of economy playing a major role in state regulation of economy. It is simultaneously object and tool of influence on a private enterprise.
The public sector represents a complex of economic objects, wholly or partially belonging to the central and local state bodies. The public sector existed in many countries long before development of capitalism, including mail, partially transport service, manufacturing of the weapon etc. On a measure forming systems of state regulation of economy the state built, redeemed at the private proprietors economic objects, mainly in sphere of an infrastructure, heavy industry, which functioning was always favourably and it is necessary for a national economy, but not always it is favourable from the point of view of the private capital.
In one country the public sector has arisen basically as a result of nationalisation of a number of branches and enterprises (in France, Italy, Great Britain, Austria), in others the state built or got ruined economic objects (in USA, Sweden, Japan). In the first group of the countries the share of public sector in national riches is higher, than in second.
Significant parts of public sector are objects of an infrastructure, in the majority unprofitable. Other part - the state enterprises in raw and power branches, where are required the large investments, and turnover of the capital slow. Profitability of state-owned firms, as a rule, below, than private. A part of public sector is packages of the actions of the mixed private-state companies.
The existence in conditions of a market economy of sectors, which in the activity is guided by principles a little bit distinguished from principles of private concerns, allows using public sector for the decision of nation-wide economic tasks, increasing money of a private enterprise.
The exclusive profit, and frequently and profit in general, is not the paramount purpose of activity of public sector in an infrastructure, power, raw branches, НИОКР, in preparation and retraining of the staff, in the field of protection of an environment, as high profits nobody requires of these spheres, and the losses become covered from the budget. Therefore public sector has become the supplier of cheap services (in particular, transport, mail-telegraphic), electric power and raw material, reducing, thus, costs in private sector.
The public sector as a means of state regulation of economy is actively used. So, in conditions of deterioration of a conjuncture, the depressions or crisis, when the private capital investments are reduced, investment in public sector, as a rule, grow. Thus, the governmental bodies aspire to counteract recession of manufacture and growth of unemployment. The public sector plays an appreciable role in state structural politics. The state creates new objects or expands and reconstructs old in those spheres of activity, branches or regions, where the private capital connected is not enough. So, the public sector plays a huge role in economy, preparation and retraining of the staff. The state-owned firms are engaged also in foreign trade, export of the capital abroad, frequently acting by the pioneers in introduction of the national capital in any country (for example, participation of the German concern “ Volkswagen ”, federal taking place in property federal and ground governments, in motor industry of Czech).
In the whole public sector serves addition of a private enterprise there and such measure, where and as far as the motivation for the private capital appears insufficient. In result the public sector serves to increase of efficiency of a national economy as a whole and is one of tools of redistribution of a total internal product (the completeinternal product is a cumulative cost of production of sphere of material manufacture and spheres of services, irrespective of a national accessory of the enterprises located in territory of the given country).
The sizes of public sector, its share in national economy, change not only as a result of new construction and purchase, but also as a consequence of a privatisation - sale profitable, reconstructed objects of public sector to the private capital. In 80-th and 90-th years this tendency appreciably has amplified.
Alongside with the listed tools of state regulation of economy having internal economythe orientation, an arsenal of means of the external economic regulationexists.
Practically all levers of influence on process of reproduction inside the country render essential influence on foreign economic relations: change of the registration rate, taxation new privileges and grants on the investment in a fixed capital etc.
However there are also special tools of direct influence on economic communications with abroad. It is, first of all, a measure of stimulation of export of goods, services, capitals, scientific and technical and administrative experience: crediting of export, warranting of the export credits and investments abroad, introduction or cancellation of quantitative restrictions, change of the duty in foreign trade; measures on attraction or restriction of access of the foreign capital in a national economy, change of conditions of its functioning, qualitative selection (from the point of view of a branch orientation and technological level) acting from abroad capital, attraction in the country of a foreign labour, participation in the international economic organisations, integration state associations.
The separate tools of state economic politics can be used in the various purposes, in various combinations and with different intensity. Depending on character of the purposes the place of that or other tool in an arsenal of means of state regulation of economy in the concrete period will vary.
The maximum form of state regulation of economy is the state economic programming. Its task - complex use in the global purposes of all elements of state regulation of economy.
In process of complication of tasks on regulation of economy of government of steel to formulate short-term, intermediate term and long-term tasks to determine the order of their decision and bodies responsible for performance of these decisions, to allocate necessary means and to determine the order of financing.
Objects of such target programs usually are the branches (in particular, agriculture); regions; social sphere (for example, social economic adaptation settlers, maintenance by their work and habitation); various directions of scientific researches.
The programs are usual and extreme. The usual intermediate term programs are made, as a rule, for five years with annual updating and prolongation for one year (sliding programming). The extreme programs are developed in critical situations, for example, in conditions of crisis, mass unemployment dangerous inflation; they, as a rule, short-term. In toolkits of their realisation the appreciable place is occupied with means of administrative regulation.
The level of development of state programming in the separate countries is various. Practically in all countries of market economy the target programs are carried out. One of oldest - regional-power target program on development of pool of the river Tennessee in USA, program of development of nuclear power in France, economic development of the south of Italy.
The national extreme programs on restoration of economy of Southern Korea after war, on structural reorganisation and privatisation of new grounds (East Germany) after connection of GDR to Germany are known.
In a citadel of a market economy - USA - the national programming is not present, but widely target and extreme programs are applied. Obviously, the distinctions in a degree of development of programming in the separate countries depend on character and scales of tasks, which economic and social situation puts before the state.
The subjects of economic programming - official bodies responsible for drawing up of the programs, their direct realisation and control above them. The programs are developed by a special state body (for example, Commissaries on planning in France), and if it is not present, by the ministries of economy and finance or special ministry system. Thus the ministry of economy, as a rule, prepares the project of the program, formulates hierarchy of the purposes, terms and sequence of realisation of separate measures, names instances which are bearing responsibility for performance.
The ministry of the finance develops the plan of financing of the program. The representatives of the central bank, unions of the businessmen, commercial and industrial chambers, trade unions are widely involved in development of the programs, the various commissions and advice of the experts are created.
The program and financial plan are annually (in connection with a sliding principle of prolongation) affirmed by parliament, also of time per one year the reports on their performance are heard.
The state economic programming has appeared rather effective at the decision of a number of economic and social tasks, however this efficiency has objective borders. In conditions of market economy the programming can be only indicative, that is to carry target-stimulating character. Nevertheless, it has appeared a rather effective means of the decision of tasks of a different level; if the state programs frequently also were not realised completely, all of them - provided social economic development in a desirable direction. That circumstance is not less important also, that the programming allows systematically using all means of state regulation of economy, to avoid discrepancy and inconsistency of regulating measures of separate official bodies.
State financial stimulation, orders and the purchases within the framework of the economic programs render appreciable and non-uniform influence on competitiveness of the separate companies, situation of branches, regions, of social groups and cause resistance what interests have appeared restrained. On state programming systems therefore constantly there is a versatile influence reflecting inconsistent interests of separate groups, public forces, political groups.
Let's consider the mechanism of state regulation on an example of politics of the prices.
Contrary to widespread at many to opinion, that in the countries of market economy money appearing occurs spontaneously, actually prices are object of constant attention and regulation on the part of the state. The prices are one of critical points economic and social - political life, where the group interests of the manufacturers and consumers, wholesale and retail dealers, trade unions and unions of the businessmen, exporters and importers collide. The prices mention interests everyone and, naturally, around of them there is a struggle in parties and parliaments, in government and on negotiation of the social partners, at the international meetings.
The influence on the prices serves to the global purposes of state regulation of economy, purposes of tactical and structural politics, struggle with inflation, amplification of national competitiveness in the world markets and mitigation of social intensity. The influence of state economic politics on other objects of regulation, in turn, is reflected in processes of formation of the prices.
