После решения задачи были получены следующие данные:
|
Базис
|
Значение |
X8 |
2.14118 |
V5 |
279.4032 |
V1 |
83.69941 |
X5 |
353.8334 |
X7 |
365.4372 |
X6 |
4.848736 |
X10 |
91.21426 |
F |
273683 |
1. Рекомендованная для производства продукция— X5, X6, X7, X8, X10 с размером производства (см. таб.)
2. Остатки ресурсов сырья— V5, V1 с размерами остатка (см. таб.)
3. Размер удельной прибыли — F равной 273683 денежные единицы
В результате проведения оптимизационных расчетов получаем суммарную прибыль 273683 дан. ед. При этом предприятие производит:
91 тыс. ед. — рекламных проспектов,
354 тыс. ед. — атласов,
365 тыс. ед. — монографий,
5 тыс. ед. — каталогов,
2 тыс. ед. — брошюр.
Неизрасходованными остались: — картон (279 тонн),
— бумага офсетная (83,7 тонны).
Все остальные запасы расходуются полностью.
Для производства продукция выбиралась по наименьшим издержкам на производство единицы продукции и по наибольшей прибыли от реализации единицы товара.
Заключение.
Рыночный процесс состоит из множества актов обмена товарами и услугами. В каждом таком акте участвует продавец, на стороне которого выступает предложение товара, и покупатель, представляемый спросом на товары. Спрос и предложение являются тесно связанными и непрерывно взаимодействующими категориями и служат связующим механизмом между производством и потреблением. На величину спроса, как индивидуального, так и совокупного, влияют ценовые и неценовые факторы, которые должны четко отслеживаться на постоянной основеРыночный процесс состоит из множества актов обмена товарами и услугами. В каждом таком акте участвует продавец, на стороне которого выступает предложение товара, и покупатель, представляемый спросом на товары. Спрос и предложение являются тесно связанными и непрерывно взаимодействующими категориями и служат связующим механизмом между производством и потреблением. На величину спроса, как индивидуального, так и совокупного, влияют ценовые и неценовые факторы, которые должны четко отслеживаться на постоянной основе специальными отделами.
Результатом взаимодействия спроса и предложения выступает рыночная цена, которая также называется равновесной ценой. Она характеризует состояние рынка, при котором величина спроса равна предложению. Для измерения величины изменения спроса и предложения используется понятие эластичности как меры реагирования одной переменной на изменение другой.
Надо также отметить, что спрос выступает одним из самых важнейших факторов при формировании экономической стратегии предприятия, так как только производство “нужных”, пользующихся спросом у покупателей товаров целесообразно и выгодно с экономической точки зрения.
Таблица №1.
Эффект дохода и эффект замещения.
Таблица №2.
Общая кривая спроса.
Таблица №3.
Парадокс Гиффена.
Таблица №4.
Динамическая спираль или циклические колебания спроса и предложения
Список использованной литературы
1. М. Сажина. Рынки ресурсов (материалы к лекции). Российский экономический журнал № 4, 1994 год.
2. Р. Нуриев, Н. Розанова. Поведение потребителя в рыночной экономике. Вопросы экономики № 1, 1994 год.
3. Р. Нуриев, С. Авдашева. Базовые экономические понятия. Вопросы экономики № 11, 1993 год.
4. Дж. Ф. Стенлейк. Экономикс для начинающих. Москва, издательство “Республика”, 1994 год.
5. Основы рыночной экономики. Терминологический словарь. Москва, издательство МАИ, 1992 год.
6. Кэмпбэлл Р. Макконнелл, Стэнли Л. Брю. Экономикс: принципы, проблемы, политика. Москва, издательство “Республика”, 1993 год.
7. Эдвин Дж. Долан. Микроэкономика. Издательство АО “Санкт-Петербург оркестр”, 1994 год.
8. Микро- и макроэкономика, практикум. АО “Литера плюс”, “Санкт-Петербург оркестр”, 1994 год.
Examining the reasons of inflation, the economists will carry out distinction between two its kinds - “ by inflation of the buyers “ (inflation of demand) and “ by inflation of the sellers “ (inflation of costs). In effect, it is two, as a rule, interconnected, but unequivalent reasons of inflation: one lays on the part of demand (surplus of money resources at the buyers), another - on the part of the offer (growth of industrial costs).
Depending on character of inflation and rates of increase of inflationary processes distinguish the following types of inflation:
1) Slow inflation, for which the rather low rates of a rise in prices, approximately up to ten or several percents per one year are characteristic. Such inflation is inherent in the majority of the countries with the advanced market economy, and it is not represented by something unusual. The average level of inflation on the countries of the European community has made for last years about 3 - 3,5%.
2) Galloping inflation is difficult in ruling.The rate of its growth is expressed usually in two-place figures. Such high rates in the 80-th years were observed, for example, in many countries of Latin America, some countries of Southern Asia. The galloping rise in prices shows itself unequally and has not the strictly designated quantitative parameters. The inflationary processes depend on a level of development of the country, social economic structure unsimilar regulation of price processes. In the period after war - the period of capitalism has gone through two large waves of inflation: at transition from military economy of a market type (1945-1952) and under influence “ of petroleum shocks ”, is sharp shocked all structure of the world and internal prices (1974-1981). But it was possible to western countries to stop inflationary processes, using various methods of antiinflationary regulation. For the small countries, for example of Sweden, it was important to avoid imported inflation, for what the increase of the prices of national currency was used. Other countries resorted to methods of restraint of inflation by means of money-credit politics.
3) The greatest danger represents super-inflation. Its conditional boundary - monthly (within three-four months) rise in prices more than 50%, and annual will be expressed four numbers in figures. The feature super-inflation that it appears practically unguided; the usual functional interrelations and habitual levers of management of the prices do not work. On complete power the printed machine tool works, the gamble develops mad. Manufacture will be disorganised. To stop or to brake super-inflation it is necessary to resort to extreme measures. But there is no unequivocal representation about that, how to struggle with super-inflation. The rather inconsistent recipes are assumed various, quite often.
To outstrip inevitable, increase, expected by all, of the prices, the owners of “hot” money aspire as soon as possible gets rid of them. In result is developed great demand; those goTo outstrip inevitable, increase, expected by all, of the prices, the owners of “hot” money aspire as soon as possible gets rid of them. In result is developed great demand; those goods are bought up first of all which can serve a means of partial preservation of the savings (real estate, subjects of art, precious metals). The people work under pressure “inflationary crisis ”, and it grow a rise in prices, and the inflation begins to feed itself.
Classical example super-inflation - conditions which has been usual in Germany and a number of other countries after the First World War. In Germany in 1923 the level of a rise in prices was estimated 10 numbers and 12 numbers by numbers; the wages should be spent immediately, for within day of the price on products raised repeatedly.
The process of inflation is inconsistent. On the one hand, the money profits are increased, the capital investments extend, and with another - the rise in prices conducts to depreciation of the unused capital. Win not everything, and, first of all strong firms having the modern equipment, perfect organisation of manufacture. In the best rule(situation) there are social groups living on the not fixed incomes, if their nominal incomes will grow by rate overtaking a rise in prices.
From inflation the people who take money on credit can win, if not is stipulated, that percent for the credit should take into account an inflationary rise in prices.
But whichever there were positive functions of inflation, leaving from under the control and even remaining rather weak, adjusted, the inflation renders on a course of economic development the whole complex especially of negative phenomena.
To negative consequences of inflationary processes concern:
- Decrease of the real incomes of the population;
- Depreciation of the savings of the population (the increase of percents on the contributions, as a rule, does not compensate fall of the real sizes of the savings);
- The loss at the manufacturers of interest in creation of the qualitative goods (is increased release of the goods of poor quality, manufacture of the rather cheap goods) is reduced;
- Restriction of sale of agricultural products in city by the rural manufacturers by virtue of fall of interest, in expectation of increase of the prices on the foodstuffs;
- Deterioration of conditions of life mainly at the representatives of social groups with the firm incomes (pensioners serving, students, which incomes are formed for the account state budget);
- Easing positions of imperious structures (is reduced trust to the programs and measures planned and carried out government).
The management of inflation represents a major problem money-credit and in the whole economic politics. The ways of management are ambiguous, are inconsistent on the consequences. The range of parameters for realisation of such politics can be rather narrow: on the one hand, it is required to constrain growth of an inflationary spiral, and with another - to support stimulus of manufacture to create conditions for saturation of the market by the goods.
The management of inflation assumes use of the complex measures assisting in a certain measure to combine an insignificant rise in prices with stabilisation of the incomes. The tools of management of process differ depending on character and rate of inflation, features of economic conditions, specificity of an economic mechanism of the different countries.
For antiinflationary regulation two are used such as economic politics:
1) Politics directed on reduction of budget deficiency, restriction of credit expansion, restraint of money issue. In conformity with material the recipes apply targets - regulation of rate of a gain of money weight in the certain limits - according to rate of growth of a total national product
2) Politics of price control and incomes having by the purpose to co-ordinate growth of earnings with a rise in prices. One of means serves index of the incomes determined by a level of a minimum conditions of life or a standard consumer basket and connected with dynamics of an index of the prices. For restraint of the undesirable phenomena the limits of increase or freezing of wages can be established, to be limited distribution of the credits etc.
The influence on inflationary process in conditions of a sharp rise in prices requires special measures. So, for elimination of consequences “ of a petroleum shock ”, struck on economy of USA in second half of 70-th years, the registration rates were increased, the requirements to the sizes of reserve funds are amplified, the system of the taxation is stipulated. To lower rates of an inflationary rise in prices it was possible not at once: from 13-14 of % in 1979 they have decreased to 4 % after about three years - in 1982.
As the experience testifies, to stop inflation with the help of one organisational measures rather difficulty if not to tell it is impossible. The structural reform directed on overcoming of disproportion’s, that has arisen in economy is necessary for this purpose.
The concrete methods of restraint of inflation, “dose” and sequence of application of means, attracted for treatment, depend on statement of the correct diagnosis. To put the diagnosis - means, to determine character of inflation, to allocate the factors, basic and connected to them, which makes the growth of inflationary processes. In this case it is not necessary to expect for any ready circuits, and series of extreme measures to finish with inflation. Each inflation is specific and assumes application of such recipes, which correspond to character and depth of “disease”.
Constant consequence in particular of inflationary process is the unemployment. By virtue of importance of this problem the state accepts the special measures for regulation of the market of work.
The market of work - important sphere economic and social - political life of a society. In the market of work labour receives an estimation cost, the conditions of its employment, including size of wages, working conditions, opportunity of reception of education, professional growth, guarantee of employment etc are defined. The market of work reflects the basic tendencies in changes of employment, its(her) basic structures (branch, vocational, demographic), i.e. in a public division of labour, mobility of a labour, scales and changes of unemployment.
The unemployment is a social economic phenomenon, at which the part of a labour (economically of active population) is not engaged in manufacture of the goods and services. The unemployed alongside with engaged form a labour of the country. In real economic life the unemployment acts as excess of a labour above demand for it(her). To the unemployed, according to statistics of many advanced countries, the persons who have been not engaged on the moment of realisation of interrogation about the status of their employment, undertaking attempts concern to find work within the previous four weeks and registered on labour exchange.
Heavy for the countries of West were 30 years of our century. In USA the rate of unemployment has reached 25%. The diagram showing thedynamics of a rate of unemployment in USA for 100 years is rather curious (1890-1990).
If the share of the unemployed makes 1-3 % in general army of work, not it is accepted to count employment insignificant. Especially dangerous in social sense not employment (absence of work within 40 weeks and more) is long chronic.
It is important to emphasise, that to the unemployed usually carry not only dismissed on the various reasons, but also persons voluntary left works and undertaking attempt to find new. The structure of unemployment for its reasons includes four basic categories of a labour:
1) Lost work as a result of dismissal;
2) Voluntary left work;
3) Come on the market of work after a break;
4) For the first time come on the market of work.
The parity of these categories depends, first of all, on a phase of a business cycle.
The monthly average rate of unemployment within the given year pays off under the formula:
UE*100 of %
Lue = ------------------
LFc,
Where Lue - level (norm) of unemployment, %; UE - monthly average number of the unemployed; LFc - number of a civil labour.
There are some concepts treating a phenomenon of unemployment. In Mark’s of the theory it usually connect to process of accumulation of the capital, at which the requirement for alive work (variable capital) is increased slower, than in machines, equipment (constant capital). In western economic science the point of view dominates, according to which the unemployment in the basis reflects an economic feasibility of use of resources, just as, say degree of loading of capacities reflects expediency and efficiency of use of a fixed capital. A so-called natural rate of unemployment reflecting structural disproportion in the market of work (between structure of a supply and demand of a labour on qualification, by demographic and other criteria). To natural unemployment carry also so-called friction unemployment connected mainly to voluntary transition of the workers from one work on another and to seasonal fluctuations in demand for a labour.
In USA in the 60-th years as a natural rate of unemployment the parameter in 4,3 %, in 70-th - already 6,6 %, in 80-th - about 7% was considered. The excess of unemployment above a natural level is determined in the basic cyclic factor, i.e. condition of a conjuncture in the country.
Changes of unemployment is influenced, besides demographic factors, with changes in structure of economy, condition of foreign trade and export of the capital, scales of the military charges, economic and social politics of the state.
Owing to variety of internal regulators of the market of a labour, and also by virtue of social importance of its effective functioning the market of work requires the qualified regulation.
