ŠåōåšąņĮąš.šó: | Ćėąāķą’ | Źąšņą ńąéņą | Ńļšąāźą
Ąķąėčē č óļšąāėåķčå ōčķąķńīāūõ ąźņčāīā źīģģåš÷åńźčõ įąķźīā ŠĄ. Šåōåšąņ.

Šąēäåėū: Ąķąėčē č äčąćķīńņčźą ōčķąķńīāī-õīē’éńņāåķķīé äå’ņåėüķīńņč ļšåäļšč’ņč’ | Ēąźąēąņü šåōåšąņ, äčļėīģ

Ļīėķīņåźńņīāūé ļīčńź:




     Ńņšąķčöą: 3 čē 4
     <-- ļšåäūäółą’ ńėåäóžłą’ -->

Ļåšåéņč ķą ńņšąķčöó:
ńźą÷ąņü šåōåšąņ | 1 2 3 4 







 , ani»O
- EUµUCY CY»ueC ·aoUnY ,
CaoI – CYi – b-n YiYUY µAY»iaUe»nC aoIUIY ·YC »-
OaoUY  YiYIY ·YCo,
Kb – b-n YiYUUµ ieiI µAY»iaUe»nC uYIY , m - UY µAY»iaUe»nC uYIY , anaYu UiYaoU »Y EUµUCY CY»u- eC NiuIUC U»c [2]: ao·ni  UUao UanuC yaYUCY µaneUaoU aao aYeC NYnNUi µaneUIY CY»ueC NinIUY U»AaCIY, anA IaiI  §aoaEE eAnCA anYE¦ A»nAC YEICY EUµ·nC YiY N»i: ecCY Y·U i»naNCUE CY»ueA NinIi»E  19-n nC i»nc»nCY (1886 AiIYCY) U»nCIoC ·CiYIYY»n a. aoC  . aYeC IaOUCo: aao-aYeA ·aoUn»E  11 inµ»n µAY»iaUe»nC aoIUIY ·Y»nA  µAY»E 11-C: 1928 AiIYCY oaooYCC NinIUY U»AaCIY IY aaEaoAUaoYY»nC »YAnIi»o  Yn NinIUCY U»IaoAUaoYY U inaoU IU»o 100: n oIn·aoUY I»iCY aao aYeC CY»ueA Nei 1932 AiIYC NaoECeC 2-CY, »nµ Yn NinIUCY U»IaoAUaoYA IU»o 41: 1987 AiIYCY CY»ueC NinIUCY U»IaoAUaoYY Yoi 2400-Co: i»EC ao, CY»ueC NinIUY U»AaCIY Iin»E·anIi»E . AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC uYIC aEn»Y Y»nei»E  ·anIICo  U i»euai aao aYeC ·anIICoA aNaYi»E  e Ueun anaIC i»naNaoUY»nai, aoOOIC IaYIn»i CniCICo »EY»Eai i»nYUiaoU  ·anIIoC U»IaoAUaoYA CY»ueUCY NUIUC U»c UiYaO iiUE AYI»nIoaoAUY µAY»iaUe»nC UeYiUY »auaoU:
¶aUaoAUaoY aoY»Y aao aYeC 4 CY»ueY»n.
nUaoYµ»nIY CY»ue, inYeaaniUCY CY»ue,
IaUaoYE CY»ue,
µOIoaooCa CY»ue:
i»nA NCiIiI YiYaoUY»nA IaiI »Y CY»ueUCY NUIUaoU AY·nIiI AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC UaoOUCY UeY·CioaoUY»au N»i: U»YNCY  ei»E inIiI CY»ueA nUaoYµ»nIY IU CYaoeinCE CY»ueY , anY nioaEaoU  30 Eaan·aoUY nUaoYµ»nIY AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC µAY»iaUe»nC aEnA»uY»nC nAA (ana»e µoeaoAUaoY »Y IUaoU §American Express¦  §American Telephon & Telegraph¦ AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nA, anaYo aC In»EC NUn»E aoi nUaoYµ»nIY): aao aYeC nUaoYµ»nIY CY»ueC NinICY »YAI »Y UUao UanuC yaYUCY µaneUaoU ncYeiaO µAY»iaUe»nC aoIUIY nA»uY»nC 15-20%-A: U»Y eiai CY»ueC YYIaoAUaoYA (U»IaoAUaoYA) NnanIiaoU  U»nCIUY A»nA»naoU: aao-aYeC CY»ueC NinIUY AUYI u·ianIiaO nUaoYµ»nIY AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC oaooIA IYaYiana»e AnUoiaoU :
aao aYeC inYeaaniUCY CY»ueA µYaoA·naoU  20 iCAYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC, »nIAaoOUCY  iiaYanNUCY AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC µAY»iaUe»nC ·Y»nC aaEaoAUaoYY»nA:
IaUaoYE CY»ueA NinIiaoU  ·UiInnUY  E»IinUiInnUY 15 AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nC µAY»iaUe»nC aEnA»uY»nC NCUY in:
OIoaooCa IU NUECn CY»ueA NUiYC  Y §Y»ue-65¦ YiYUUµ, uYC an UCianaoU  »n»u YEan CY»ueY»nA: UY i»ncCY inCY»nCY nean»E  YiUY UCiaoU: Uea»e, 1981 AiIYCY UY Nien n 1,314, CeI 1994 AiIYCY 0,444:
aao-aYeC µOIoaooCa CY»ueY AY·nIaoU  µaEan 65 AYI»nIoaoAUaoYY»nA (nUaoYµ»nIY, inYeaaniUCY, IaUaoYE)  1994 AiIYC NaoYinCY Yn ·niaO ·anIICoA IUaoU n 2,266 [16]:
aao-aYeC CY»ueY aoYC AYAoCI i»O»IiiIY µYaoUA: aneUIY uni AYAouaoU UY 7 Y·U nOY·niaoU . UUao UanuC yaYUCY µaneUC µoUY AUYI, eiaiUY AUA 10-CY  11-CY, I»eunCY AUA 13-CY, 14-CY  15-CY:

AY»iaUe»nC »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA anaiaoU  2 ·anIaYY»nai.
µEiI NaoUAC UC UeC (NµAYC) eioUUµ, yaYUCY µaneUaoU µAY»iaUe»nC O»eu µ»nUY ·YCo µnOn ·Yai UY ie»Eao NYnianaoAUUµ:
CiC»Y (NµACY) µeY aoYC EiCYIY I·aoU  YYIaoU  µAYaoUCo eioiaO Ue: UY In»EC  CinI»E ana»e inOinaoAUaoY CYi»eianCY eCeIC CUo  niNUi»E aOUCY UCianY»nai ao iaIaenaoUuY»nai:
onOI niNUiaoAUUµ, NµACYA µEiaO NaoUAC eioC aY , NµAYUCY IU AYAoCI »IUaoiA /I/: iaIaenaoUuY»nai niNUiiI  NµAYC naoUuY  iaIaeY»nai IU ·anIICoY»nai / i/.
i =  , CeI I = i x CYi , ani»O i - NµAYC naoUuY ,
I - NµAYUCY (AYAoCI) »IUaoiY ,
CYi - µAY»iaUe»nC YiYIY ·CYY :

AY»iaUeC NµAYUCY »IUiC Nnµ»naoAUaoYA ·anIIoai IU iaIaeY»nai niNUiiI CYi»eiianiI UCcaoY»nCY, IaaiaoU  »IUiµ»naoAUaoY, anA µYaoA·naoU  yCYYeIY IiCiY»nC U»c Y»nniI IaCiEC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA: Yi»eianC NUn µAY»iaUe»nC AYAoCI »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA anaiaoU  N»iUE µYOai.
R =  , ani»O
R - µAY»iaUeC AYAoCI »IUiµ»naoAUaoYY ,
I - NµAYUCY »IUaoiY ,
CO - µAY»iaUeC O»eu µ»nUY ·CYY  (UCeCaY IU aoIUIY) iaIaeY»nai: unCYI, 2500 nU YiYIY nA»uai µAY»iaUeA ·YiI  300% aEnA»uai  n CUo iniaoU  in»IY 60% NµACY: YNnA»i  ana»E CYi»eiianiI UCcaoY»nC AYAoCI »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA: 300%-ai (IU I»iai) µAY»iaUeC O»eu µ»nUY ·CYA IUaoU .
CO =  in»IY 60% naoUuC »auaoU NµAYC µonOI U»IaoAUaoYA IUaoU  1500 nU.
I = 
AY»iaUeC AYAoCI »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA IUaoU .
R =
eI  YYIaoU , an CYi»eianC IaOUCo µAY»iaUeC U»c Y»nniI UaonuYaUaon 1 nUC CUo eioiaoU  in»IY 20 EaoU (0,2 nU) »IUaoi:

Yaa»e n»Y NUiYC , NµACYY»nC inUY NCUYIY OµUaonA µAY»iCnIY AYI»naoAUY aoi NaoUAY : niaYUE µAY»iaUe»nC ·Iai NµACYA iniaoU  YIE µAY»iCnIY AYI»naoAUY yCYYeiYi»eIY ·anIaoY»aoAUY nUaoYuY»nCo,  »A» aoi NaoUAC UInIA aC µiIYoYaoU NµACYY»nC inUY NUn, a inaoUY CnIYoiaoU  U YaiIai ei»OIiI NiaoI yaY»nC NiCo: eaianIY µAY»iaUe»nC ·Iai NµACYY»nA InaO »Y aini»E NaoUAC eOaoAUY aieai  aoOOi»E UE YaiIY»nC ninaoAUY N»i· n·oUY, ieNYUY Yan aoIY»nC UaonoUY, eaoCEIY NCUYNno»nC EaoIUY:
A» µAY»iaUe»nA iei»E »Y yCYYeIY ini I»e»nCY, a NµACYY»nC ·aoUnA µAYiaoU  µAY»iaUe»nC YEICY  Yan e»IYi»n»nC UCc eaianIY IU ·nCi iaIaeY»nai, CeI ·YanC »IUaoiA IUaoU .

 P»I·n = , ani»O

P»Ieai - ·YanC »IUiaY  eaianIY iaIaeY»nC µYOai,
P»I·n - ·YanC »IUiaY  ·nCi iaIaeY»nC µYOai,
I - NµAYC in»IY aY , t - NµACYY»nC inUY AUI»iCo UCYa N»nAIY inUY
AUI»iY AYII un»nC ACiY :

»n»Yu UC uYC unCYI  oaoUo iYu µAY»iaUe»nC »IUiµ»naoAUY NinIUY U»AaCIY: unCYI 1. AY»iCnIY AYI»naoAUY IYaYnIY IaCiEA 50,0 UEY nUC aai µAYiI  8000 eaianIY  2500 niaYUE µAY»iaUe»nC: AY»i»n»nC UCc µEUY »YAI NaoUAC YEi»eiaO aA IUaoU  10,0 UEY nU: niaYUE µAY»iaUe»nC ·Iai NµAYC Neii·niI naoUuA IUaoU  12%: YNnA»i  ana»E, A» eaianIY  niaYUE µAY»iaUe»nC e»IYi»n»nA anuY NµACY InaO »Y eiYE:
AY»iCnIY AYI»naoAUY IYaYnIY IaCiEA Y»nIUoiI  10500 µAY»iaUe»nai (8000 + 2500)  nYo YiYIY nA»uC ·CYA IUaoU .


Uei»OCo E niaYUE µAY»iaUe»nC ·Iai NµAYC aA IUaoU .
Ini = 

aEan niaYUE µAY»iaUe»nC ·Iai NµACYY»nC i»euai Iini»Y.

Ini = 571,43 x 2500 = 1. 428. 575 nU:


aEan UYoI eaianIY µAY»iaUe»nC NUn UYaoU .

Ieai = 10. 000. 000 – 1. 428. 575 = 8. 571. 425 nU:

Uei»OCo E UaonuYaUaon eaianIY µAY»iaUeC ·Iai NµACYA IIUC.
Ieai = 

NµACYA µAY»iaUeC »IUiµ»naoAUY UCI OµUaonA a: AY»iaUeC nA»uA U»IoYaO Inan ·anIaY  Y µAY»iCnac eaeaoUY»nY UY Niai, an µaneUIY aEnA»uA IU»IY: i»nie»Eai µAY»iaUeA Yan, ei»E µnOn ·Yai, µAY»i»nA IeiY EnoaooCa (ea»IaoEUiCi) NaoUA:
onOI U»IaoAUUµ EnoaooCa »IUaoiA (iYeA) anaiaoU  N»iUE µYOai.
IEn = CaoI - CO:

EnoaooCa »IUaoiA iaIaeUCY niNUiaoAUUµ aoYC N»iUE i»euA. iEn =  :
UYEai NµAYC  EnoaooCa »IUiC aA, In»EC  ana»E NUEeY IU i»ncYIY »IUiC ·aoUnA.

INU = I + IEn , iNU = , ani»O
INU - NUEeY »IUiC U»IaoAUaoYY ,
I - NµAYC in»IY aY ,
IEn - EnoaooCa »IUiC U»IaoAUaoYY ,
CO - µAY»iaUeC O»eu µ»nUY ·CYY :
unCYI 2. 4500 nU YiYIY nA»uai µAY»iaUe»nA O»eu »Y µ»ni»E in»IY 45%-ai, CeI U»I inC N»ia aEnA»uC ·CYA IU»E  9000 nU: YNnA»i  ana»E µAY»iaUe»nC NUEeY »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA:

AY»iaUe»nC AYAoCI »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA ana»Yu NµAYC iaIaeai.
I = 
EnoaooCa »IUaoiA aUUYianiI  aEnA»uUCY ·YC  O»eu µ»nUY ·YC inµ»naoAUUµ.
IEn = 9000 – 4500 = 4500 nU:

UEeY »IUiC U»IaoAUaoYA anaiaoU  N»iUE I»na.
INU = 2025 + 4500 = 6525 nU:

UEeY »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA IIUC.

unCYI 3. 20000 nU YiYIY nA»uai µAY»iaUeA ·Yi»E  1,7 ·anIIoai  e»IYiCnac IaOUCo »nnan inaoU iei»E NµAYC inUY AUI»iCo 90 un ec: ecCY inaoU NµACYA IU»E  1500 nU: nInan inaoU AYAoCI »IUiC naoUuA IU»E  20%: nnan inaoU NµAYC naoUuA Nieni»E  45%-C: AY»iaUe»nC O»eu µ»nUY ·YC YIiUUµ ieuC ·YC CYUCIUC CY»ueA IU»E  1,25: YNnA»i  ana»E µAY»iaUe»nC NUEeY »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA O»eu µ»nUY uniYCo UCYa ieuC unA:
UeaCeai, ecCY ini NµAYC UInIA IU»E  I1 = 1500 nU:

2-n inaoU
 

3-n inaoU
I3 = 

O·nCi iaIaeY»nC µYOai NinI»Yu CYi»eianCY iniI NµAYC aA.

I13 = 

n»u inCY»nC NµACYY»nC ·aoUnA IUaoU .

I = I1 + I2 + I13 = 1500 + 3400 + 3390 = 8290 nU:
n»u inCY»nC AYAouaoU µAY»iaUeC naoUuA IUaoU .

R =  IU 49%, IU

R = R1 + R2 + R3 1 = IU 49%:

AY»iaUeC ieuCo eioiI EnoaooCa »IUaoiA IUaoU .
IEn = (1,25 x 17000) – 17000 = 21250 – 17000 = 4250 nU:

eI EnoaooCa »IUiC naoUuA IUaoU .
iEn =  IU 25%:
AY»iaUe»nC O»eu µ»nUY AUI»iCo UCYa ieuC AUI»iA NUEeY »IUaoiA IIUC.

INU = 8290 + 4250 = 12540 nU:
UeaCeai, NUEeY »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA IUaoU . iNU =  IU iNU = R + IEn = 49% + 25% = 74%: eioiaoU , an µAY»i»nA UaonuYaUaon 1 nUC CUo eiYaoU  0,74 nU »IUaoi  CYi»eianC eCeIY UµaOcaoAUUµ nnoiI :
AY»iaUe»nC »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA eNUYaO NCUYIY ·anIaYY»nA In»EC  Y»nIUoY»E N»iUE ·IYInUCY i»euai (·IYIn 2).


¶IYIn 2.



 ¶EaoE 2. uCYYeIY IiCiY»nC IeinUY Iin»E·anIUY nC aoOOaoAUaoYY»nA
2. 1. uUUeIU UaoOU IeiOU OUIU aoOOaoAUaoUUA  eiiUU UIaoO uCYYeIY Y»nnaoUY»n CnIYoYaO nA»AOA»nC e»IYi»n»nA N»iaYaoU »Y U»I NCUYIY YaiI. eiYE »IUaoiY»n, i»EoY»E IaCiEC eIµYIY ·aoUnA IU ·aY» aNaY»E U IaCiEC YEYIY UInIA: Yi»eiianUY Inan·aoUY IYaYA aNYcaoU , an nA»AOA»nC U»c IiniI Y»nnaoUY»nC N»iYuai eioiaO NaoUAA aoOCO NU»UiIY ECYC CYi»eianC eCeIC eiCYCY:
nA»AOA»nC U»c aO»nC Y»nnUY eCeIA eaei»ECu »IUiC A»neioUY IU iYeY»nC ecoUY NiYIYaoAUaoYY : eaianµn nUiUY ·nIYaoAUY U»c inµ»naoU »Y nA»AOA»nC ·Iai AYNYaon eCeI NeIoaoAUaoYA, anA eianµAYiaoU  NUIn·iI  aNUIn·iI eCeI»nC: ¶IaiI»nUCY i»euai UY In»EC  Y»nIUoY»E N»iUE I»na (·IaiI»n 10):
UIn·iI eCeIA IYEi»eiaoU  aoIUIY CniCIY»nC N»iaiUY ·EEian U»AaY»nai: aoIUIY CniCIC i»nEaoIaoAUaoYA »YAnaoU  CYaa»e aoIUC AYAoCI naoAUY i»nEaoIaoAUaoY, UYa»e E aoIUC N»i· n·oUY NCUYIY aoOOaoAUaoYY»nC IYEi»eaoU: aoIUC n·oUY UCiaoUY»nC aoeaoUYeCnUY, ·YNiUY ·anIAYAoY»nA UCianiI »Y §UaYCianCY·¦ NeIoaoAUUµ:
aoIUC CniCIY»nC N»iaiUY ·EEian U»AaY»nY u·i·anIiaoU »Y »nInAUI»i IYEi»eUY »auaoU  EneEiaoU »Y UInaiYi»eIY oaooYCY»nC i»nEaoIaoAUY in: AY anaoU, NiC »Y eYiaoU AYNYaon eUUµ iYi»eaoAUY n·oUY iCIY ao N»eYInY»nA, iYi»eaoAUY a»iIY In·ianUY ·anIAYAoC NYnian aaEaoAUaoYY»nA, IeinaoAUY IaOUCo iniaO nUinIUCY uOuIYaoAUaoYA, NCUYIY iYi»eIY oaooYCY»nC nAA (ecCY N»nACY NUEeY ·UCY nUaoYuC oaooYCA):
aoIUIY CniCIY»nC aoeaoUYeCnUY ecYaoAUaoYA aiIYaoU  ninC NUEenYCY (o»UµnCc, Oeaaoe»Ae YNY·):
niCIC i»nEaoIaoAUY aaEaoAUaoYY»nC i»EYaEa·CY aoYC N»iUE i»euA: eIµaoU N»iaiaoAUY »Y »YAnIiaoU eYiY 50 Inan·aoUY oaooYCY»n, anaYoCo UYaoN»i AYinaoU »Y 20 ei»E InanY»nA.

µAY»iaUe»nC ao aniiaUe»nC ·Y»nA,
µYI»nC NinIUCY ·anIeYaoAUaoYY»nA,
anYuY»nC ·Y»nC CY»ueA,
Y»nUaoIUY IiEA, eYYIoaoUY»nC IiEA,
µYIUCY iaIaeC NieUY naoUuA  UEY:


¶IYIn 3.





oaooYCY»nC aEIaiIaoAUY eiCYCo IEiI i»ncCY Niai nYu µAYiaoU »Y 3 NCUYIY EUµ»nC µYaoA·n»Eai yaYUCY, anYuUCY  aOUCY aoIY»nA: uaYUCY aoIUC ·EEian oaooYCA NYCeYaoU  µaneUIY CY»ueA, anYuUCY aoIUCYA ·Y»nC CY»ueA, CeI aOUCY aoIUCYA µYIUCY iaIaeC NieUY naoUuA:
niCIUCY anµ»nncYC Ua»EA ·n»A» µaEan »nInY»naoU AYAYaoU  YaoUY aoE»nai.
»an»eC. nA»AOA»nC aEnA»uY»nA eIeaoU »Y µnOnYE, EaoAYaoU  ea»IaoEUoCY, uYC an ninIY aEaniCo aOUCY UCcaoY»nA i»OµEiaoU »Y einC aEani, anYuUCY aoIUC IiCiaoAUaoYA YiaoU , ·Y»nY AYIYaoU »Y, aoU »Y µYI»nC aNaoeiY»nA, inIUCY iaIaeC NieUY naoUuA, µYIYµn, YiaoU :
EaoAoaoU. nA»AOA»nC aEnA»uY»nA naoYIaoU »Y µnOnYE, aoU  Y ea»IaoEUoCY yaYUCY aoIUaoU, ninaoAUY U»c  einaoU eIeiaoU  EaoAoaoU,  Ue aoEC i»ncaoU µYIUCY iaIaenaoUuY»nA eIeaoU »Y µnOnYE: i»n»Eu. IY·Y»oiaoU  nA»AOA»nC aEnA»uY»nC A  yaYUCY µaneUaoU IiniaO ea»IaoEUoCY, anYuY»nC ·Y»nA naoYIaoU »Y µnOnYE, ·YEai µnOnYaoU »Y Y µYIC NieUY naoUuY»nA  IniiaoU µYI»nC aNaoeiY»nA:
YyEUoC. IinaoI I»naai AYIYaoU »Y nA»AOA»nC aEnA»uY»nA  C eae i»nYaoU »Y ea»IaoEUiCi ·anIeYaoAUaoYY»nA, IY·Y»oiaoU  ein-nUaoYµ»nIY ·anIaoY»aoAUaoYA, i»OC  aoY»YaoU anYuY»nC ao IeUaoAUaoYY»nC ·Y»nC UInIC µnOnoaoU, CeI µYIUCY iaIaeC NieUY naoUuY»nA NeYaoU »Y ei»E·aoUY U»IaoAUY:
O·YAU. nA»AOA»nC aEnA»uY»nA Yi·aoUY »Y, CYaY ecoYaoU  EeYaAaoAUaoY yaYUCY µaneUaoU, ein-nUaoYµ»nIY ·anIaoY»aoAUaoYA unYaoU , YiaoU »Y anYuY»nC ·Y»nA, CeI anYuY»nA a»Y ieiaoU, µYIUCY iaIaeC NieUY naoUuY»nA i µnOn »Y, CeI µYI»nC aNaoeiY»nA Yi·aoUY: O·YAUY iniiaoU  eYYIoaoUY»nC ECuai  eaoCEIY oYoaoUY»nai:

Yi»eiianUY eCeIC Yi»oUY YaiIY»nai YNnA»i  YIiC aoY»YE UC nu ·anIaYY»n, anaYoCo ei»E InanY»nY »Y »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA, NnI·YOaoUA, yCYYeIY Y»nnaoUY»nC AUI»iY»nA: IUiµ»naoAUY NienaoAUY eIµaoYuA iIUaoU , an CYi»eiianUY YY inµ»nIY»nC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA a»iu  UCi»eI ECYC: IeI »auaoU IeIei»Y ei»E »IUiµ»n IiCiY»nC NEaoeY ·YaoUY»n C u·aoi iYi»eaoAUY UC UaoOC  C iYe UUaoeC:
A» YNnA»i  ·YNi»E Y»nnaoUY»nC aa A» AYAoCI (in»IY) »IUiµ»naoAUaoYA, UE nYo i»ncYIY NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA CYi»eiianUY inCY»nC uYICo »EY»Eai, a u·i·anIiaoU  CeIaYiianUY U»AaA, UeCYuY anaiaoU  IaCiEC eI U»IaoAUaoYA »EY»Eai Yn i»EoiaO nA»uCo: ana»e »EI»iUCY anU»in»n u·i·anIiaoU »Y.
Y»nniI IaCiEA,
Y»nnUY aNCY ·anIaO iaIaenaoUuA,
CYi»eiianUY AUI»iA (inCY»nai),
CYi»eiianUY in»IY »IUaoiA:

IaCiEC Y»nI U»IaoAUaoYA IUianiaoU  CYi»eiianUY »IUiC U»IaoAUaoYCo  CYi»eiianiI IaCiEC U»IaoAUaoYCo.
k = , ani»O
 - »IUiC µ»niI U»IaoAUaoYY ,

 CYi»eiianiaO IaCiEC µ»niI U»IaoAUaoYY :
YAn»Yu 40000 nU YiYIY nA»uai aniiaUe»nA in»IY 45%-ai i»OµEiI  UniI  4 inC N»ia YiYIY nA»uai: O»I aniiaUeA InaO  aEYIi»E 8 eaianIY µAY»iaUe»nC N»i, anaYoCo UaonuYaUaonC aoIUIY ·CYA IUaoU  4300 nU: a»iu  ana»E.
Ni»±i  nUau YUYiCa aEYIaoAUaoYA, »A» aniiaUe»nC aoIUIY naoUuA IUaoU .
) 30%, µ) 10%: aniiaUe»nC aEnA»uY»nA 30  10 iaIaenaoUuY»nC »auaoU,
aEnA»uC IEiIaoAUaoYA aoIUIY naoUuCo: aniiaUe»nC in»IY »IUaoiA IIUC.
Ii = 0,45 x 40000 = 18000 nU:

CeIaYiian»Yu U »IUaoiA NiC eY»Eai CYi»eiianUY 4 inU AUI»iA aoIUIY ·anIaO 30 iaIaenaoUuai.
18000 x = 18000 x [0,769 + +0,592 + 0,455 + 0,35] = 18000 x 2,166 = 38988 nU:
UAU CeIaYiian»Yu Y»nniaO IaCiEA YaoUY anU»in»nai.

IUiC  µ»niI CYi»eiianiaO IaCiEC U»IaoAUaoYA Nien .
38988 + 14005 = 52993 nU:
Ue U»IaoAUaoYA anaaoU  aniiaUe»nC aEnA»uUCY ·CYA, UeCYuY n CnIY nA»uA OianiI aoIUIY CniCICY NUaieEY:
aoIUIY ·CYA 10 iaIaenaoUuC »auaoU IECYC.

18000 x  18000 x [0,909 + + 0,826 + 0,751 + 0,683] = 18000 x 3,169 = 57042 nU:

U»nniaO IaCiEC CeIaYiianaoUA.

IUiC  Y»nniaO IaCiEC µ»niI U»IaoAUaoYA Nien .
57042 + 27320 = 84362 nU:
AY»iaUe»nC A»AC aoIUIY ·CYA.
4300 x 8 = 34400 nU:
Yaa»e i»eYaoU »Yu, aniiaUe»nC aoIUIY ·CYA »nIao »au»naoU E µnOn  nA»AOA»nC A»AC aoIUIY ·YCo, N»iµn aEYIUY ·anIAYAoA Ni»i a: eioiaoU , an aniiaUe»nC aEnA»uA 30% aoIUIY naoUuC »auaoU IUaoU .

CeI 10% aoIUIY naoUuC »auaoU UY IUaoU .

UeaCeai, aniiaUe»nC aEnA»uA, CYaa»e Y aoIUIY ·CYA aoU »Y aoIUIY naoUuC YiUYA aoOCO NU»UiIY:

O»eYnIaoAUaoYY»nC  IUI»naaoAUaoYY»nC IiCiaoAUaoYY ao yCYYeIY naoAUaoYA µYaoA·naO iYi»eIY oaooYCY»nC NiuIUA IEiI  IiniaO N»iaiaoAUaoYY»nC EanaoAUaoYCo, eIUY, AYNYaon eUUµ, yCYYeIY naoAUY i»nEaoIaoAUY U»AaCIY Cn U»c Y»neaoU  N»iUE 4 NCUYIY EUµ»nA.
 uCYYeIY IUaoYaoAUY oaooYCY»nA.
YIEaoAUY ·anIICoA,
aEeao UCcaoY»nC i»eInn ICeA,
aEeao  e»IY UCcaoY»nC Nnµ»nIoaoAUaoYA,
»µCianIY aniu»nC i»eInn ICeA, e»IY  »nInAUI»i aEeao UCcaoY»nC i»eInn ICeA:
inaoYIaoAUY oaooYCY»nA.
µonOI Cnoi»ECaoAUY ·anIICoA, inUY UCcYIUE ·anIICoA, inUY AYNYaon ·anIICoA,
anYu-YUaoAIY nA»uY»nC Cnoi»ECaoAUY ·anIICoA,
IiCiY»nC IeaooiIuY Aei YnYo Cnoi»ECaoAUY:

3. ¶anInn IiCiaoAUY oaooYCY»nA.

ncYe»ECaoAUY AYNYaon ·anIICoA, anY»nC ncYe»ECaoAUaoYA, e»IY UCcaoY»nC ncYe»ECaoAUaoYA,
ninaOIYaoAUY ·anIICoY»nA:

4. NaoAµ»naoAUY oaooYCY»nA.

UµaOc IaCiEC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA, e»IY UCcaoY»nC u·i·anIUY nUaoYi»iaoAUY ·anIICoA,
ninIY yaY»nC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA, yCYYeIY Y»nnaoUY»nC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA, ieuC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA, a»nUY»Yi IaCiEC NaoAµ»naoAUaoYA:
eI nA»AOA»nC aoIUC CniCIC i»nEaoIaoAUY U»AaY»nY aoY»Y N»iUE eIn·aoUA.
CniCIC i»nEaoIaoAUY ·EEian U»AaY»n,
UCi»YiC e»UiCY·C ·YNiaoU,
UaonNiaoI µaneUIY U»AaY»n,
»nInAUI»i, UCcCY AUI»iUCY  InAUI»i IYEi»eaoUY»n,
UInaiYi»eIY oaooYCY»n,
UCi»YiC ·anIaoY»aoAUY oaooYCY»n,
nA»AOA»nC ·Y»n:


 2. 2. uUUeIU IiiU IeaooiIo §EiUU¦ iEaoIaoAUaoUA
E»n»cA NeiiaoY IEe»nC UY UeY , anA IUI»naaoAUY (µYIC) NUn eCeIC anaIC OµUaon  NYCeYaoU:
YiYeµ»naoAUY i»nEaoIaoAUaoYA e»nian»Y IaiI  ·anIeYIY E»n»cC N»i  Cn U»c Y»neaoU  YiYeµ»n ieuC IiEY»nC anaaoUA, UeCYuY »nµ »IUaoiY»nA NAeiIan»Y NUaieEYaoU »Y IEe»nCY: A» i»nEaoIaoAUY i»naNCUE i»eIA aC nioaEiaoU µYIC »IUaoiY»nC i»nµ»nUE Ni»iiaoAUaoYY»naoU, UaoNY»nO, UY EUY YaaoU  eio»E ana»e IUneiCY u·iIn ·YNiUY aYC: anµYUY NUn Y»nIUoY»Yu N»iUE oaooYCY»nA.

S - ieuC IiEA (nU),


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